Impacts of the Strength and Conformity of Social Norms on Well-Being: A Mixed-Method Study Among Hybrid Workers in Japan

Previous studies have suggested that organizational social norms can positively affect employee well-being. However, such social norms have not been well developed during the post-COVID-19 transition to hybrid work, which combines office and remote work, and it is unclear how employees' perceptions of social norms for hybrid work affect their well-being. In this study, we investigated the impact of social norms for hybrid work on the well-being of hybrid workers living in Japan through a mixed-method approach consisting of an online survey (n = 212) and semi-structured interviews (n = 20). The results indicate that hybrid workers who feel subject to strong social norms have lower well-being. Conversely, those who are more willing to conform to social norms have higher well-being. Given our findings, we discuss implications for the design of systems to help hybrid workers conform to organizational social norms and to improve their well-being. © 2023 ACM.

Correlates of Covid-19 Vaccine Uptake in Malawian Adults

Background: COVID-19 vaccine uptake has been suboptimal in many lowincome countries. In Malawi, as of end-2022, just over 3.1 million adults have been fully vaccinated, representing ~21% of the adult population. We sought to identify correlates of COVID-19 vaccination among adults in Malawi to inform evidence-based policies and programs. Method(s): A survey was administered among adult (aged >=18) clients at 32 health facilities across Malawi (May-June 2022). We asked about COVID-19 vaccination history and about hypothesized correlates per the WHO Behavioural and Social Drivers of Vaccination model: what people think and feel, social processes, and practical issues. We assessed correlations between these and vaccination status, adjusting for age, HIV status, sex, educational attainment, household wealth, and urban-rural classification using multivariable logistic regression. Result(s): Surveys were conducted with 837 people, median age 39 (IQR 30-49), 56% female, 51% living with HIV and on ART. 33% were up-to-date on COVID-19 vaccination per Malawi guidelines (1 dose for J&J;2 doses of AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines), 61% were unvaccinated, and 6% were overdue for a second dose, with no difference by HIV status, religion, or urban-rural classification. Up-to-date individuals were older than those who were not (45 vs 38 years, p< 0.001). The strongest correlates of up-to-date vaccination were believing the vaccine is important and safe, believing vaccination's benefits outweigh its risks, and perceiving social support for vaccination (Table). Of 510 unvaccinated respondents, 54% had been offered the vaccine;the most commonly reported reasons for being unvaccinated were concerns about vaccine side effects (56%) and access-related barriers, such as travel time or cost (19%). Among the unvaccinated, 54% were eager or willing to be vaccinated, 29% were ambivalent, and 18% were opposed. Those opposed were less concerned about COVID-19 infection, did not feel the vaccine is important, and were less confident in the vaccine's safety. Conclusion(s): Up-to-date COVID-19 vaccination status was associated with positive attitudes about its importance and safety and perceiving provaccination social norms. Concerns about vaccine side effects were common, but over half of unvaccinated respondents were willing to get vaccinated. Disseminating messages about vaccine safety and ensuring local availability of the vaccine may help address concerns and access barriers, and thus help increase COVID-19 vaccination in Malawi.

Patterns of HPV vaccine hesitancy among catch-up generations in Japan: A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV vaccine uptake in Japan has been slow since the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare suspended the recommendation for proactive HPV vaccination in 2013. In April 2022, Japan initiated catch-up vaccinations for women who missed the opportunity to receive the HPV vaccine. However, as of September 2022, very few women had received catch-up vaccination, raising concerns about vaccine hesitancy in the target population. It is necessary to understand the thinking and motivation of the target population to develop effective strategies to improve vaccination rates. Therefore, using cluster analysis, this study aimed to clarify the pattern of HPV vaccine hesitancy among the catch-up generations in Japan. METHODS: This descriptive study was based on an Internet survey completed by 3,790 women in Japan aged over 18 years who were eligible for catch-up vaccination and had not yet received an HPV vaccine. Participants were asked about their intention and thinking about the HPV vaccine and descriptive norms on vaccination intention. Cluster analysis using k-means clustering was performed to clarify these patterns. RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed three hesitancy patterns: acceptance, neutral and refusal. The acceptance group, with high intention, comprised 28.2% of the participants, and students and a high-income level mainly dominated this group. The refusal group, with negative thinking and low intention, accounted for 20.1% and was more prevalent among workers and the unemployed. The neutral group, with neutral thinking and intention, accounted for 51.6%. The perceived effect of descriptive norms on vaccination intention was large in the acceptance group but small in the refusal group. CONCLUSION: HPV vaccine awareness promotion strategies must be based on the characteristics of each group and the different distributions of sociodemographic factors.

Who decides where we work - the individual, the collective or the institution? Narratives of legitimizing hybrid work practices

We examine how knowledge workers use narratives to legitimize their hybrid work practices in post-Covid-19 work life. We identify three narratives, the 'individualist', the 'collectivist', and the 'institutionalist', as alternative perspectives of hybrid work that people draw on to legitimize their workplace choices to support performativity and well-being. This study contributes to research on organizational policy implementation by explaining how narrative constructions are used to legitimate different choices within same organizations that go through a transition from forced remote work to hybrid work. © 2023 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.

Psychosocial Predictors of Intention to Vaccinate Against the Coronavirus (COVID-19).

The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc across the world. Public health efforts to combat the disease and return life to normalcy largely rests upon COVID-19 vaccination distribution and uptake. Thus, it is critical to examine factors that predict people's intentions to vaccinate. This study explored predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 among demographic and personal factors, health behaviors and beliefs, COVID-19-specific beliefs, and trust in physicians, using a sample of U.S. adults. We employed bivariate correlations and hierarchical regression to analyze the data. We found that the strongest predictors are political orientation, trust in physicians, subjective norms, and prior flu shot uptake. These associations suggest that individuals who held more liberal political views, expressed higher levels of trust in their primary care provider, perceived stronger social pressure to vaccinate against COVID-19, and received a flu shot during the previous flu season, had a stronger intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Based on our results, we suggest that public health efforts to increase vaccination uptake for COVID-19 vaccines focus on addressing political orientation (conservatism), involve primary care providers, emphasize vaccination as the norm (and not the exception), and use information about previous flu vaccinations to target vaccination campaigns.

A review of air travel behavior and climate change

Air transport challenges the world's net-zero carbon ambitions. The sector has consistently grown and causes warming as a result of both CO2 and other, short-lived emissions. Two principal solutions have been proposed to reduce the contribution of aviation to climate change: innovations of technology and the development of interventions to trigger behavioral change. Technological innovations include new propulsion technologies and the use of sustainable aviation fuels. Behavioral change includes flight avoidance, substitution with other means of transport, the choice of efficient flight options, and carbon offsetting. This article focuses on behavior;it offers an overview of factors that lead to consumers traveling by air and discusses demand distribution complexities. The importance of price for air travel decisions is assessed, and evidence of travel "wants” are contrasted with "needs,” the latter investigated in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The review of relevant scholarly work culminates in an action list enabling air travelers, policy makers, the aviation industry, researchers and society to meaningfully advance low-carbon air transport trajectories. This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Behavior Change and Responses The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior. © 2022 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Promoting Hand Hygiene During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Parallel Randomized Trial for the Optimization of the Soapp App.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is an effective behavior for preventing the spread of the respiratory disease COVID-19 and was included in public health guidelines worldwide. Behavior change interventions addressing hand hygiene have the potential to support the adherence to public health recommendations and, thereby, prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, randomized trials are largely absent during a pandemic; therefore, there is little knowledge about the most effective strategies to promote hand hygiene during an ongoing pandemic. This study addresses this gap by presenting the results of the optimization phase of a Multiphase Optimization Strategy of Soapp, a smartphone app for promoting hand hygiene in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the most effective combination and sequence of 3 theory- and evidence-based intervention modules (habit, motivation, and social norms) for promoting hand hygiene. To this end, 9 versions of Soapp were developed (conditions), and 2 optimization criteria were defined: the condition with the largest increase in hand hygiene at follow-up and condition with the highest engagement, usability, and satisfaction based on quantitative and qualitative analyses. METHODS: This study was a parallel randomized trial with 9 intervention conditions defined by the combination of 2 intervention modules and their sequence. The trial was conducted from March to August 2021 with interested participants from the Swiss general population (N=232; randomized). Randomization was performed using Qualtrics (Qualtrics International Inc), and blinding was ensured. The duration of the intervention was 34 days. The primary outcome was self-reported hand hygiene at follow-up, which was assessed using an electronic diary. The secondary outcomes were user engagement, usability, and satisfaction assessed at follow-up. Nine participants were further invited to participate in semistructured exit interviews. A set of ANOVAs was performed to test the main hypotheses, whereas a thematic analysis was performed to analyze the qualitative data. RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in hand hygiene over time across all conditions. There was no interaction effect between time and intervention condition. Similarly, no between-group differences in engagement, usability, and satisfaction emerged. Seven themes (eg, "variety and timeliness of the task load" and "social interaction") were found in the thematic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of Soapp in promoting hand hygiene laid the foundation for the next evaluation phase of the app. More generally, the study supported the value of digital interventions in pandemic contexts. The findings showed no differential effect of intervention conditions involving different combinations and sequences of the habit, motivation, and social norms modules on hand hygiene, engagement, usability, and satisfaction. In the absence of quantitative differences, we relied on the results from the thematic analysis to select the best version of Soapp for the evaluation phase. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04830761; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04830761. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055971.

Factors of COVID-19 Vaccination among Hong Kong Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men during Months 5-8 since the Vaccine Rollout-General Factors and Factors Specific to This Population.

This study investigated an under-researched topic regarding the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination behavior among Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) and the associations of this with general and MSM-specific perceptions grounded in the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behaviors (TPB). A total of 400 Chinese MSM were recruited from multiple sources (site recruitment, online recruitment, and peer referral) in Hong Kong from July to October 2021, who then participated in a structured telephone interview. Of all the participants, the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination (i.e., taking at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination) was 78.3%. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that, after adjusting for background factors, (1) the general and MSM-specific HBM variables of perceived benefits and self-efficacy were positively associated with COVID-19 vaccination behavior; (2) the items or scale of general/MSM-specific perceived barriers and social norms were negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccination behavior; (3) the general perceived severity and MSM-specific perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and cue to action were not significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccination behavior. The findings suggest that the HBM and social norm construct of the TPB only partially explained the participant's COVID-19 vaccination behavior. Health promotion may need to focus more on modifying perceptions related to COVID-19 vaccination rather than COVID-19.

Examining COVID-19 vaccine attitude using SEM-Artificial Neural Networks approach: a case from Reddit community.

As new coronavirus variants continue to emerge, in order to better address vaccine-related concerns and promote vaccine uptake in the next few years, the role played by online communities in shaping individuals' vaccine attitudes has become an important lesson for public health practitioners and policymakers to learn. Examining the mechanism that underpins the impact of participating in online communities on the attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines, this study adopted a two-stage hybrid structural equation modeling (SEM)-artificial neural networks (ANN) approach to analyze the survey responses from 1037 Reddit community members. Findings from SEM demonstrated that in leading up to positive COVID-19 vaccine attitudes, sense of online community mediates the positive effects of perceived emotional support and social media usage, and perceived social norm mediates the positive effect of sense of online community as well as the negative effect of political conservatism. Health self-efficacy plays a moderating role between perceived emotional support and perceived social norm of COVID-19 vaccination. Results from the ANN model showed that online community members' perceived social norm of COVID-19 vaccination acts as the most important predictor of positive COVID-19 vaccine attitudes. This study highlights the importance of harnessing online communities in designing COVID-related public health interventions and accelerating normative change in relation to vaccination.

How Norms Emerge from Conventions (and Change)

Social norms regulate our behavior in a variety of mundane and far-reaching contexts, from tipping at the restaurant to social distancing during a pandemic. However, how social norms emerge, persist, and change is still poorly understood. Here the authors investigate experimentally whether spontaneously emerging behavioral regularities (i.e., conventions) gain normativity over time and, if so, whether their normative underpinning makes them resistant to changes in economic incentives. To track the coevolution of behavior and normativity, the authors use a set of measures to elicit participants' first- and second-order normative beliefs and their (dis)approval of other participants' behaviors. The authors find that even in the limited duration of their lab experiment, conventions gain normativity that makes these conventions resistant to change, especially if they promote egalitarian outcomes and the change in economic incentives is relatively small. These findings advance our understanding of how cognitive, social and economic mechanisms interact in bringing about social change.

A FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITAL HEALTH EQUITY

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted both the continued impact of long-standing systemic oppression on disparate health outcomes as well as the growing importance of healthcare provided through digital means. For example, an explosion in the use of telehealth for remote care noted significant disparities in use by minority groups. There is a growing recognition of the crucial importance of determinants in the digital environment and their impact on health outcomes. These digital determinants of health (DDoH) function independently as barriers to and facilitators of health as well as interact with social determinants of health (SDoH) to impact outcomes. A framework for digital health equity, detailing key DDoHs, is needed to support the work of developers in industry, health systems operations and academia. METHODS: The framework for digital health equity is an adaptation of the NIMHD Research Framework, which is the culmination of decades of work in the field of health disparities. The NIMHD framework is organized into several domains, including biological, behavioral, physical/built environment, sociocultural environment, and the health care system. Because of its particular importance at this time -we incorporate a digital environment domain with key DDoHs. RESULTS: Determinants at the individual level include digital literacy, readiness, interest, and self-efficacy. Readiness describes necessary technological equipment availability. Interest is used here to describe an individual's desire and willingness to use and trust in digital tools. Determinants at the interpersonal level include bias, interdependence, and relationship disruption. We use the term bias to describe the impact perceptions about an individual's digital literacy, readiness and interest have on clinician willingness to enroll and engage individuals with digital healthcare tools. Relationship disruption describes the complex cultural transformation encouraged by digital technologies. For disparity populations this has the potential to impact well documented relational determinants including medical mistrust and poor-quality communication. Determinants at the community level include cellular wireless and broadband access, quality and affordability as well as health system infrastructure. Determinants at the societal level include the impact of policy, data and design standards, algorithmic bias as well as social norms and ideologies in technical industry. Key examples of facilitators of positive health outcomes are provided at all levels. CONCLUSIONS: By adapting the leading health disparities research framework for digital health equity, we hope developers will benefit from decades of progress in the field of health disparities as well as see their work in the larger context of SDoHs so that we might work together towards meaningful progress in using digital means to achieve health equity for all.

Insights about what authorities and emergency services need and expect from society

When crises occur, the society plays significant roles, such as assisting victims, helping vulnerable groups, sharing information, allocating resources etc. However, for the response to crises to succeed, society, authorities and emergency services should align their efforts and needs in a coordinated way. To identify this alignment, we designed an internet-based survey asking authorities, emergency services, and volunteer organizations about the needs and expectations they have from the society to better handle crises. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections: the first section covers the responders’ risk awareness, and the second gathers the needs they have from society in the following items: social norms and sense of communality, coping skills, resources to face a crisis, perception of trust, perception of responsibility, crisis knowledge, crisis communication, communication channels, information sharing and preparedness. The survey was launched in 7 European countries and this paper presents the results collected in Spain. The answers show that in general there is a high consensus in the analysed items, though the distribution shows that authorities differ the most from the other responder profile groups. The results show that the responders are more aware of pandemics followed by extreme weather related events. We think this is because of the huge impact that is creating the current coronavirus pandemic. © ESREL 2021. Published by Research Publishing, Singapore.

NEW SOCIAL NORMS OF THE PANDEMIC PERIOD: SPECIFICS OF CONSTRUCTION IN THE RUSSIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian media discourse, which is critical in establishing new social norms during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wearing protective masks, maintaining social distance, vaccination, and others. The aim of the study is to examine two opposing groups of discursive practices: promoting and preventing the approval of these norms. The research methodology is based on the principles of critical discourse analysis as interpreted by E.V. Chepkina. The material is the texts of Russian media for 2020–2021 indexed by the Yandex search engine and constructing the listed social norms. It is shown that the approval of new social norms during the COVID-19 pandemic is carried out through the following discursive practices: firstly, argumentation, including logical, factual, and psychological reasons (the last point acquires special relevance because medical topics involve appeals to experts’ opinions and the establishment of sanctions for violation of the relevant norms activates the use of threat arguments);secondly, the inclusion of the COVID-19 pandemic into the chronological order of discourse by constructing epidemics of the past, the overcoming of which was associated with the establishment of similar social norms (as a result, the current pandemic reality is perceived as something ordinary);and thirdly, a constant mention of new norms in media texts regardless of their topic, which demonstrates, on the one hand, the importance of the relevant norms, and on the other, their routine and legitimate nature. At the same time, the Russian media discourse involves discursive practices that prevent the adoption of new behavioral models declared by the media as normative: 1) an inclusion in the agenda of events related to criticism of new social norms and demonstration of their non-observance;2) the use of headlines containing sensational information that contradicts the content of the text and legitimizes the anti-norm;3) a construction of discourse characters who declare the new norms but do not set an example of complying with them. © 2022, MSU Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Impact of Entrepreneurial Branding, Entrepreneurial Norms, Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Entrepreneurial Zhong Yong Thinking on Entrepreneurial Growth A Neuro Entrepreneurship Perspective

This study measures the role of vaccinated confidence between tourism revisit intention on entrepreneurial growth of entrepreneurs in Thailand. The tourism revisits intention has the mediating relationship between entrepreneurial branding, entrepreneurial norms, entrepreneurial ecosystem, entrepreneurial Zhongyong thinking, and entrepreneurial growth. The study has used primary data collection techniques to gather data and used purposive sampling to analyze the data. The sample size of the study is 300 entrepreneurs who visit Thailand during a pandemic, and it has affected their business growth. The study has found significant positive mediation of tourism revisit intention and moderation of vaccinated confidence of entrepreneurs. The research has used Smart PLS software to measure the relationship through bootstrapping and algorithms. All hypotheses are accepted and supported by the theory of protected motivation theory. It is found a significant positive relationship between them;t values are greater than 1.96 at significance level.

Traveler Pro-social Behaviors at Heritage Tourism Sites.

This study aimed to explain the development of tourists' pro-social intentions during heritage tourism within the pandemic context by combining the norm activation model (NAM) and two significant variables in the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The quantitative data analysis results indicated that the proposed hypotheses have been partially supported, which resonated and enriched the existing studies on COVID-19-related pro-social tourism and tourist behaviors from a theoretical angle. Based on the research outcomes, the corresponding managerial implications for heritage tourism practitioners and meaningful references for future researchers to promote sustainable and pro-social heritage tourism products have been discussed.

COVID-19 AND SEX

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The novel Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) began by some estimates in December 2019 in Wuhan, China with rapid spread globally. The response to this global pandemic was an almost universal shut-down of most social activities outside of the home which in turn, has led to rise in depression, suicide and drug utilization. What about sexual activity which is strongly linked to these same societal norms? METHODS: All published writings on or about the sexual activity of diverse groups was searched for throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic specifically. There is a massive amount of media output on these aspects, but relatively little actual studies, though they are expected to lag behind the pandemic as it takes time to collect and process data from these studies. RESULTS: There are now well over a dozen peer reviewed articles upon the sexually-related effects of COVID-19 pandemic. The famed Kinsey Institute at the University of Indiana has begun a threewave longitudinal study called “Sex and Relationships in the Time of COVID-19” and preliminarily they noted less sex, but more sexual diversity. PORNHUB® gave free 'Premium Access' to Italians for the month of March 2020 and it proved so popular they expanded it to the entire world until the end of April 2020. They also publish their data on-line. CONCLUSIONS: There is growing evidence that four sexuallyrelated aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic are having upon the population. These are partnered sex issues associated with more diversity, that is exploration of newer sexual practices. Increased solo-sexual aspects including the advent of technologically advanced practices including robotic sex, telephone sex (sexting) and on-line sex (setting records). There are sexual and reproductive issues such as anger and abuse to sexual partners as noted above and an anticipated rise in separations as well as divorce. And finally, there are fewer childbirths (just the opposite of what was hypothesized from isolation). Perhaps many of our well-established social norms could be blasted away by this pandemic- masturbation becoming accepted, methods of accessing electronic sex activities being promoted and the rise of advanced sexual technologies such as robotics replacing prostitution. But be cautious, preliminary results from The Kinsey Institute suggests this may be the result of “market hype” behind the boom in SexTech. Don't switch to oatmeal (or cornflakes) just yet.

Unpacking Intention and Behavior: Explaining Contact Tracing App Adoption and Hesitancy in the United States

COVID-19 has demonstrated the importance of digital contact tracing apps in reducing the spread of disease. Despite people widely expressing interest in using contact tracing apps, actual installation rates have been low in many parts of the world. Prior studies suggest that decisions to use these apps are largely shaped by pandemic beliefs, social influences, perceived benefits and harms, and other factors. However, there is a gap in understanding what factors motivate intention, but not subsequent behavior of actual adoption. Reporting on a survey of 290 U.S. residents, we disentangle the intention-behavior gap by investigating factors associated with installing a contact tracing app from those associated with intending to install, but not actually installing. Our results suggest that social norms can be leveraged to span the intention-behavior gap, and that a privacy paradox may influence people's adoption decisions. We present recommendations for technologies that enlist individuals to address collective challenges. © 2022 ACM.

Communication in Third Spaces as a Factor of Agenda Building

"Third spaces"are considered as online public places where ordinary citizens communicate on everyday topics, thus being an actor of agenda-building without any political intermediaries - leaders, parties, or social movements. To identify the most significant issues of informal political talk in everyday online spaces, we conducted a quantitative content analysis of posts published in Vk.com communities "Overheard"in 15 Russian cities over the last two years. The results of this study indicate that most conversations are non-political;however, third spaces shape social norms and rules of behavior, including those during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 IEEE.

BEHAVIORAL INSIGHTS FOR ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION AND COVID-19 VACCINATION IN KYRGYZSTAN

Routine immunization rates in Kyrgyzstan have fallen recently [1], and vaccine hesitancy is rising. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this issue. Several studies stress the importance of social norms in public health interventions, as they are a major behavioral determinant. For example, a study in Kyrgyzstan found that perceived attitudes of those in one's social network regarding COVID-19 immunization were important determinants of vaccine acceptance [2]. Campaigns targeting norms have been shown to be more effective than communication initiatives focusing solely on individual-level variables. However, most communication efforts tend to only address individual variables. We aimed to find the gaps in social and behavioral research surrounding immunization and vaccine hesitancy in Kyrgyzstan by reviewing and analyzing literature with the social ecological model. Of the 27 grey literature documents reviewed, only 13 reference social norms;6 refer to vaccination, and only 3 identify social norms as an important factor in vaccine messaging. 9 documents focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, and only 4 of them identify social norms as an important behavioral influence. Only 1 of the 7 Kyrgyzstan-specific documents discusses social norms. In the academic literature, only 3 articles provided empirical evidence of social norms and vaccination, and the 2 specific to Kyrgyzstan did not mention social norms. Several resources emphasize how social norms are an important behavioral determinant.Most behavioral research in Kyrgyzstan has focused on individual and interpersonal factors, thus social norms research is necessary to design more effective communication campaigns to promote COVID-19 vaccination and routine immunization.